Ancient Buddhist Complex Unearthed in Kashmir's Baramulla District

Major Archaeological Discovery in Zehanpora

Archaeologists have unearthed extensive architectural remains of a major Buddhist complex in Zehanpora village, located in North Kashmir's Baramulla district. This significant find is believed to be a thriving Kushan-era Buddhist settlement, dating back nearly 2,000 years, specifically between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE. The discovery is poised to redefine the understanding of ancient Kashmir's cultural and religious landscape.

The excavation has revealed a wealth of structures and artifacts, including:

• Multiple Buddhist stupas, some exhibiting apsidal architectural forms
• Structural walls and monastic cells
• Pottery fragments and copper artifacts
• Terracotta artworks, some displaying strong Gandhara-style influence

These findings point to a once-active monastic center that played a crucial role along ancient trade routes connecting Kashmir with Central Asia.

The Journey of Rediscovery

For generations, locals in Zehanpora had observed unusual mounds, but their true historical significance remained unknown. The breakthrough came in 2023 when archaeologist Dr. Mohammad Ajmal Shah, from the Centre of Central Asian Studies (CCAS), University of Kashmir, traced an old, blurred photograph in a French museum archive. This photograph depicted three Buddhist stupas in Baramulla, providing a crucial historical link to the site.

Following this pivotal discovery, preliminary surveys were conducted using modern techniques such as drone imagery, high-resolution mapping, and ground verification, which confirmed that the mounds were man-made structures. A full-scale excavation commenced in early November 2025, marking the first major collaborative archaeological mission in Jammu and Kashmir to receive formal permission under Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) regulations. The project is a joint effort between the Centre of Central Asian Studies (CCAS), University of Kashmir, and the J&K Department of Archives, Archaeology & Museums (DAAM).

Prime Minister Modi Hails Discovery

Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the significant archaeological find during his monthly 'Mann Ki Baat' radio address on Sunday, December 28, 2025. He described the discovery as a 'proud moment' for India, emphasizing the rich and vibrant heritage of Kashmir. PM Modi highlighted how the blurred photograph in a French museum was instrumental in bringing Kashmir's glorious past, dating back nearly two millennia, back into focus. He underscored Kashmir's historical importance as a center of learning, spirituality, and cultural exchange, and stressed the need to preserve such heritage for future generations.

Implications for Kashmir's Heritage

The Buddhist complex at Zehanpora stands as a powerful testament to the ancient, diverse, and culturally rich identity of Jammu and Kashmir. Experts believe that the findings will greatly enhance the understanding of the region's early civilization, showcasing its role as a major center of Buddhist art, education, and architecture. The excavation provides new insights into Kashmir's past, connecting to historical accounts by ancient Chinese monks like Xuanzang, who visited similar sites in the region.