São Tomé and Príncipe Becomes First Nation with Entire Territory Designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

A Historic Designation for a Biodiversity Hotspot

In a groundbreaking move for global conservation, the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe has achieved an unprecedented milestone: its entire territory, encompassing both land and marine areas, has been officially designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The announcement was made on September 27, 2025, during the 37th session of the International Coordinating Council of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, held in Hangzhou, China.

This designation marks São Tomé and Príncipe as the first nation in the world to have its complete geographical expanse recognized under this prestigious program. The archipelago, located in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Central Africa, had previously seen its island of Príncipe designated as a Biosphere Reserve in 2012. The inclusion of the main island of São Tomé now extends this protection across the entire country, covering an area of just over 1,100 km².

Rich Endemism and Unique Ecosystems

São Tomé and Príncipe is renowned for its exceptional biodiversity, often described by UNESCO as a 'sanctuary for biodiversity.' The islands boast a high level of endemism, meaning many species are found nowhere else on Earth. Its diverse ecosystems include:

• Lush rainforests, such as the vital Obô Forest, which covers approximately one-third of São Tomé island and is connected to the Congo Basin.
• Volcanic mountains and hills.
• Pristine coral reefs and mangrove coastlines.
• Critical nesting habitats for sea turtles and seabird colonies on islets like Ilhéu das Cabras and Ilhéu Santana.

The archipelago is home to unique flora and fauna, including the São Tomé begonia, São Tomé shrew, São Tomé grosbeak, and the giant sunbird. The designation highlights the global importance of these ecosystems for conservation efforts.

A Model for Sustainable Development

The UNESCO Biosphere Reserve model is distinct from traditional protected areas, as it emphasizes the integration of human activity with environmental stewardship. It promotes a balanced approach where conservation, sustainable development, and logistical support (research, monitoring, education) coexist. A UNESCO spokesperson emphasized that the designation 'transcends mere environmental protection' and is 'about redefining how a country can develop in harmony with nature, rather than against it.'

In São Tomé and Príncipe, this philosophy is already evident through local engagement in sustainable practices. Residents are involved in artisanal fishing, organic cacao farming, and small-scale ecotourism, which respects the environment and contributes to local livelihoods. The country's renowned shade-grown cacao, cultivated without chemical inputs, is a testament to its commitment to sustainable economic prospects. This participatory model is seen as a potential blueprint for other small island developing states facing environmental and economic challenges.

Global Recognition and Future Implications

The designation of São Tomé and Príncipe's entire territory as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve is part of a broader expansion of UNESCO's global network, with 26 new sites added across 21 countries this year. This achievement underscores the nation's dedication to preserving its natural heritage while fostering sustainable growth. It is expected to enhance the country's profile as a leader in environmental conservation and boost its ecotourism potential, attracting visitors keen to experience its unique natural beauty responsibly.