Croatia Considers Building at Least Three SMR Nuclear Plants for Energy Security

Croatia Embraces Nuclear Future with SMR Plans

Croatia is considering the construction of at least three small modular reactor (SMR) nuclear power plants as a pivotal step towards enhancing its energy security and aligning with broader European energy policies. This initiative marks a significant shift in the nation's energy strategy, aiming to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels and meet growing electricity demands.

The decision comes amidst a continental trend where nuclear energy, particularly SMR technology, is increasingly recognized as a low-carbon source crucial for achieving climate goals.

Strategic Rationale and European Alignment

According to energy expert Ivica Jakić, the Croatian government's decision is in line with wider European energy policies, including calls from the European Commission (EC) and the OECD to phase out subsidized energy prices. The European Union now classifies nuclear power as a low-carbon source, with EC President Ursula von der Leyen recently highlighting SMRs as a key component of the future energy mix.

In February 2025, Croatia's Ministry of Economy established a working group tasked with analyzing and legislating for the introduction of nuclear energy, including SMRs. Minister of Economy Ante Šušnjar has underscored nuclear energy as a 'geopolitical and security gain' for Croatia, emphasizing its potential to reduce CO2 emissions and secure long-term energy independence.

Advantages of Small Modular Reactor Technology

SMRs are being considered for their inherent advantages over traditional nuclear power plants. They are described as compact, safer, and easier to install. Key features of SMR technology include:

• Advanced technologies, such as liquid sodium salts, enabling independent operation without external cooling systems.
• Fuel storage for up to 20 years, with an operational lifespan of 50–60 years.
• Capacity to deliver up to 500 MW of power per reactor.
• Ability to utilize recycled nuclear fuel.
• Shorter construction times, estimated at three to four years, with grid connection possible within five years.
• Modular design allowing for decentralized energy infrastructure, which reduces the need for long-distance electricity transmission and enhances energy resilience.
• On-site storage of nuclear waste for the entire operational lifetime of the plant.

Implementation and Future Outlook

Croatia possesses significant experience in nuclear technology, holding a 50% stake in the joint Krško nuclear power plant with Slovenia, which currently supplies approximately 16% of Croatia's domestic electricity consumption. The government has established a working group to draft a comprehensive nuclear energy law and create a dedicated Nuclear Energy Agency to oversee regulatory aspects of SMR development.

While specific locations for the new SMRs are yet to be determined, the country aims to have the first units operational within the next decade. Croatia's updated Energy Strategy, revised in March 2025, prioritizes improving energy security, increasing efficiency, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This national ambition is further supported by the European Industrial Alliance on SMRs, launched in February 2024, which seeks to accelerate SMR development and deployment across Europe by the early 2030s.